The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that to avoid the direst consequences of climate change, the world must implement millions or even billions of tons of atmospheric carbon dioxide removal (CDR) by 2100. Direct air capture (DAC) is one method to accomplish CDR, but is an energy intensive process, requiring high heat for carbon dioxide (CO2) desorption.

The United States Department of Energy – National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE-NETL) has been developing the National Risk Assessment Partnership (NRAP) to evaluate several aspects of carbon capture storage (CCS). The existing NRAP tools satisfy four key areas of CCS projects: (1) risk-based areas of review (AoRs), (2) induced seismicity probability and impacts, (3) monitoring approaches, and (4) risk of leakage from existing wellbores. The NRAP tools were not developed to satisfy the requirements of the U.S.