January 1st, 2013
IEA Reports
External Reports

CCC/203 ISBN 978-92-9029-523-5

September 2012

copyright © IEA Clean Coal Centre

Abstract

Trace elements are emitted during coal combustion. The quantity, in general, depends on the physical

and chemical properties of the element itself, the concentration of the element in the coal, the

combustion conditions and the type of particulate control device used, and its collection efficiency as

a function of particle size. Some trace elements become concentrated in certain particle streams

January 1st, 2013
IEA Reports
External Reports

CCC/202 ISBN 978-92-9029-522-8

August 2012

copyright © IEA Clean Coal Centre

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a convergence of international trade with traditional domestic markets.

As imports continue to increase in many coal producing regions, the influence of trade on domestic

markets has been twofold. Firstly, imported coal displaces domestic production and, secondly,

international price trends may drive prices of what remains of the indigenous market for coal.

January 1st, 2013
IEA Reports
External Reports

CCC/201 ISBN 978-92-9029-521-1

June 2012

copyright © IEA Clean Coal Centre

Abstract

Low rank coals have gained increasing importance in recent years and the long-term future of

coal-derived energy supplies will have to include the greater use of low rank coal. However, the

relatively low economic value due to the high moisture content and low calorific value, and other

undesirable properties of lignite coals limited their use mainly to power generation at, or, close to, the

January 1st, 2013
IEA Reports
External Reports

CCC/200 ISBN 978-92-9029-519-8

July 2012

copyright © IEA Clean Coal Centre

Abstract

The efficiency of a fossil-fired plant has a direct effect on its CO2 emissions. Efficiencies of coal-fired

power plants vary considerably around the world, and there is a potential for major CO2 emissions

savings by upgrading or replacements. This report provides estimates of the potential emissions

savings through efficiency improvements and plant replacements using modern systems (clean coal

January 1st, 2013
IEA Reports
External Reports

CCC/199 ISBN 978-92-9029-520-4

July 2012

copyright © IEA Clean Coal Centre

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a convergence of international trade with traditional domestic markets.

With imports increasing in many coal-producing regions, the influence of trade on domestic markets

has been twofold: firstly, imported coal displaces domestic production, and in doing so, and secondly

international price trends may drive prices of what remains of the indigenous market for coal.

January 1st, 2013
IEA Reports
External Reports

CCC/198 ISBN 978-92-9029-518-1

May 2012

copyright © IEA Clean Coal Centre

Abstract

This report provides a review of the various options being pursued to reduce carbon intensities in five

developing countries, namely Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa. These are major

emerging economies, all of which are vulnerable to adverse effects from climate change, with their

governments having to balance economic, environmental and social priorities. All have large carbon

January 1st, 2013
IEA Reports
External Reports

CCC/197 ISBN 978-92-9029-517-4

May 2012

copyright © IEA Clean Coal Centre

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a convergence of international trade with traditional domestic markets,

with import increasing into many coal producing regions, the influence of trade on domestic markets

has been twofold. Firstly, imported coal displaces domestic production, and in doing so, secondly

international price trends may drive prices of what remains of the indigenous market for coal. While

January 1st, 2013
IEA Reports
External Reports

CCC/196 ISBN 978-92-9029-516-7

April 2012

copyright © IEA Clean Coal Centre

Abstract

Within the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, the Chinese Government has made addressing air quality problems

a key environmental priority, with an intention to accelerate the development of systems, institutions

and a technical knowledge base for sustained improvement. A major focus is on the coal power sector

for which standards have been introduced that require the installation of modern, very high efficiency

January 1st, 2013
IEA Reports
External Reports

CCC/195 ISBN 978-92-9029-515-0

April 2012

copyright © IEA Clean Coal Centre

Abstract

Mercury is an element of growing global concern. The United Nations Environment Programme plans

to finalise and ratify a new global legally-binding convention on mercury by 2013. Canada already has

legislation on mercury emissions from coal-fired utilities and the USA has recently released the new

Mercury and Air Toxics Standard. Although other countries may not have mercury-specific legislation

January 1st, 2013
IEA Reports
External Reports

CCC/194 ISBN 978-92-9029-514-3

January 2012

copyright © IEA Clean Coal Centre

Abstract

As concerns regarding greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fired power plant increase, there is greater

focus on the feasibility of cofiring high ratios of biomass. This report first addresses the technical

issues which arise when cofiring biomass at high ratios in coal-fired power plant. These principally

concern the availability of fuel, storage and handling, milling, slagging, fouling, corrosion and ash

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